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PREFACE.
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THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BOOK I.: OF LAWS IN GENERAL. CHAP. I.: Of the Relation of Laws to different Beings.
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CHAP. II.: Of the Laws of Nature.
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CHAP. III.: Of positive Laws.
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BOOK II.: OF LAWS DIRECTLY DERIVED FROM THE NATURE OF GOVERNMENT.
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CHAP. II.: Of the republican Government, and the Laws relative to Democracy.
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CHAP. III.: Of the Laws relative to the Nature of Aristocracy.
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CHAP. IV.: Of the Relation of Laws to the Nature of monarchical Government.
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CHAP. V.: Of the Laws relative to the Nature of a despotic Government.
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BOOK III.: OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE THREE KINDS OF GOVERNMENT.
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CHAP. II.: Of the Principle of different Governments.
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CHAP. III.: Of the Principle of Democracy.
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CHAP. IV.: Of the Principle of Aristocracy.
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CHAP. V.: That Virtue is not the Principle of a monarchical Government.
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CHAP. VI.: In what Manner Virtue is supplied in a monarchical Government.
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CHAP. VII.: Of the Principle of Monarchy.
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CHAP. VIII.: That Honour is not the Principle of despotic Government.
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CHAP. IX.: Of the Principle of despotic Government.
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CHAP. X.: Difference of Obedience in moderate and despotic Governments.
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CHAP. XI.: Reflections on the preceding Chapters.
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BOOK IV.: THAT THE LAWS OF EDUCATION OUGHT TO BE RELATIVE TO THE PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT.
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CHAP. II.: Of Education in Monarchies.
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CHAP. III.: Of Education in a despotic Government.
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CHAP. IV.: Difference between the Effects of ancient and modern Education.
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CHAP. V.: Of Education in a republican Government.
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CHAP. VI.: Of some Institutions among the Greeks.
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CHAP. VII.: In what Case these singular Institutions may be of Service.
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CHAP. VIII.: Explication of a Paradox of the Ancients, in Respect to Manners.
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BOOK V.: THAT THE LAWS, GIVEN BY THE LEGISLATOR, OUGHT TO BE RELATIVE TO THE PRINCIPLE OF GOVERNMENT.
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CHAP. II.: What is meant by Virtue in a political State.
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CHAP. III.: What is meant by a Love of the Republic, in a Democracy.
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CHAP. IV.: In what Manner the Love of Equality and Frugality is inspired.
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CHAP. V.: In what Manner the Laws establish Equality in a Democracy.
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CHAP. VI.: In what Manner the Laws ought to maintain Frugality in a Democracy.
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CHAP. VII.: Other Methods of favouring the Principle of Democracy.
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CHAP. VIII.: In what Manner the Laws ought to be relative to the Principle of Government in an Aristocracy.
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CHAP. IX.: In what Manner the Laws are relative to their Principle in Monarchies.
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CHAP. X.: Of the Expedition peculiar to the executive Power in Monarchies.
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CHAP. XI.: Of the Excellence of a monarchical government.
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CHAP. XII.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. XIII.: An Idea of despotic Power.
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CHAP. XIV.: In what Manner the Laws are relative to the Principles of despotic Government.
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CHAP. XV.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. XVI.: Of the Communication of Power.
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CHAP. XVII.: Of Presents.
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CHAP. XVIII.: Of Rewards conferred by the Sovereign.
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CHAP. XIX.: New Consequences of the Principles of the three Governments.
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BOOK VI.: CONSEQUENCES OF THE PRINCIPLES OF DIFFERENT GOVERNMENTS WITH RESPECT TO THE SIMPLICITY OF CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LAWS, THE FORM OF JUDGEMENTS, AND THE INFLICTING OF PUNISHMENTS.
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CHAP. II.: Of the Simplicity of criminal Laws in different Governments.
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CHAP. III.: In what Governments, and in what Cases, the Judges ought to determine according to the express Letter of the Law.
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CHAP. IV.: Of the Manner of passing Judgement.
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CHAP. V.: In what Governments the Sovereign may be Judge.
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CHAP. VI.: That, in Monarchies, Ministers ought not to sit as Judges.
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CHAP. VII.: Of a single Magistrate.
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CHAP. VIII.: Of Accusation in different Governments.
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CHAP. IX.: Of the Severity of Punishments in different Governments.
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CHAP. X.: Of the ancient French Laws.
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CHAP. XI.: That, when People are virtuous, few Punishments are necessary.
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CHAP. XII.: Of the Power of Punishments.
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CHAP. XIII.: Insufficiency of the Laws of Japan.
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CHAP. XIV.: Of the Spirit of the Roman Senate.
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CHAP. XV.: Of the Roman Laws in Respect to Punishments.
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CHAP. XVI.: Of the just Proportion betwixt Punishments and Crimes.
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CHAP. XVII.: Of the Rack.
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CHAP. XVIII.: Of pecuniary and corporal Punishments.
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CHAP. XIX.: Of the Law of Retaliation.
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CHAP. XX.: Of the Punishment of Fathers for the Crimes of their Children.
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CHAP. XXI.: Of the Clemency of the Prince.
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BOOK VII.: CONSEQUENCES OF THE DIFFERENT PRINCIPLES OF THE THREE GOVERNMENTS, WITH RESPECT TO SUMPTUARY LAWS, LUXURY, AND THE CONDITION OF WOMEN.
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CHAP. II.: Of sumptuary Laws in a Democracy.
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CHAP. III.: Of sumptuary Laws in an Aristocracy.
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CHAP. IV.: Of sumptuary Laws in a Monarchy.
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CHAP. V.: In what Cases sumptuary Laws are useful in a Monarchy.
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CHAP. VI.: Of the Luxury of China.
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CHAP. VII.: Fatal Consequences of Luxury in China.
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CHAP. VIII.: Of public Continency.
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CHAP. IX.: Of the Condition or State of Women in different Governments.
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CHAP. X.: Of the domestic Tribunal among the Romans.
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CHAP. XI.: In what Manner the Institutions changed at Rome together with the Government.
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CHAP. XII.: Of the Guardianship of Women among the Romans.
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CHAP. XIII.: Of the Punishments decreed by Emperors against the Incontinency of Women.
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CHAP. XIV.: Sumptuary Laws among the Romans.
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CHAP. XV.: Of Dowries and nuptial Advantages in different Constitutions.
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CHAP. XVI.: An excellent Custom of the Samnites.
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CHAP. XVII.: Of Female-Administration.
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BOOK VIII.: OF THE CORRUPTION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE THREE GOVERNMENTS.
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CHAP. II.: Of the Corruption of the Principles of Democracy.
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CHAP. III.: Of the Spirit of extreme Equality.
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CHAP. IV.: Particular Cause of the Corruption of the People.
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CHAP. V.: Of the Corruption of the Principle of Aristocracy.
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CHAP. VI.: Of the Corruption of the Principle of Monarchy.
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CHAP. VII.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. VIII.: Danger of the Corruption of the Principle of monarchical Government.
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CHAP. IX.: How ready the Nobility are to defend the Throne.
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CHAP. X.: Of the Corruption of the Principle of despotic Government.
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CHAP. XI.: Natural Effects of the Goodness and Corruption of the Principles of Government.
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CHAP. XII.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. XIII.: The Effect of an Oath among virtuous People.
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CHAP. XIV.: How the smallest Change of the Constitution is attended with the Ruin of its Principles.
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CHAP. XV.: Sure Methods of preserving the three Principles.
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CHAP. XVI.: Distinctive Properties of a Republic.
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CHAP. XVII.: Distinctive Properties of a Monarchy.
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CHAP. XVIII.: Particular Case of the Spanish Monarchy.
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CHAP. XIX.: Distinctive Properties of a despotic Government.
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CHAP. XX.: Consequence of the preceding Chapters.
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CHAP. XXI.: Of the Empire of China.
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BOOK IX.: OF LAWS, IN THE RELATION THEY BEAR TO A DEFENSIVE FORCE.
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CHAP. II.: That a confederate Government ought to be composed of States of the same Nature, especially of the republican Kind.
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CHAP. III.: Other Requisites in a confederate Republic.
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CHAP. IV.: In what Manner despotic Governments provide for their Security.
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CHAP. V.: In what Manner a monarchical Government provides for its Security.
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CHAP. VI.: Of the defensive Force of States in general.
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CHAP. VII.: A Reflexion.
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CHAP. VIII.: A particular Case, in which the defensive Force of a State is inferior to the offensive.
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CHAP. IX.: Of the relative Force of States.
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CHAP. X.: Of the Weakness of neighbouring States.
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BOOK X.: OF LAWS, IN THE RELATION THEY BEAR TO OFFENSIVE FORCE.
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CHAP. II.: Of War.
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CHAP. III.: Of the Right of Conquest.
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CHAP. IV.: Some Advantages of a conquered People.
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CHAP. V.: Gelon, King of Syracuse.
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CHAP. VI.: Of Conquests made by a Republic.
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CHAP. VII.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. VIII.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. IX.: Of Conquests made by a Monarchy.
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CHAP. X.: Of one Monarchy that subdues another.
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CHAP. XI.: Of the Manners of a conquered People.
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CHAP. XII.: Of a Law of Cyrus.
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CHAP. XIII.: Charles XII.
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CHAP. XIV.: Alexander.
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CHAP. XV.: New Methods of preserving a Conquest.
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CHAP. XVI.: Of Conquests made by a despotic Prince.
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CHAP. XVII.: The same Subject continued.
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BOOK XI.: OF THE LAWS WHICH ESTABLISH POLITICAL LIBERTY, WITH REGARD TO THE CONSTITUTION.
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CHAP. II.: Different Significations of the Word, Liberty.
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CHAP. III.: In what Liberty consists.
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CHAP. IV.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. V.: Of the End or View of different Governments.
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CHAP. VI.: Of the Constitution of England.
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CHAP. VII.: Of the Monarchies we are acquainted with.
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CHAP. VIII.: Why the Ancients had not a clear Idea of Monarchy.
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CHAP. IX.: Aristotle’s Manner of thinking.
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CHAP. X.: What other Politicians thought.
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CHAP. XI.: Of the Kings of the heroic Times of Greece.
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CHAP. XII.: Of the Government of the Kings of Rome, and in what Manner the three Powers were there distributed.
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CHAP. XIII.: General Reflections on the State of Rome after the Expulsion of its Kings.
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CHAP. XIV.: In what Manner the Distribution of the three Powers began to change, after the Expulsion of the Kings.
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CHAP. XV.: In what Manner Rome, in the flourishing State of that Republic, suddenly lost its Liberty.
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CHAP. XVI.: Of the legislative Power in the Roman Republic.
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CHAP. XVII.: Of the executive Power in the same Republic.
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CHAP. XVIII.: Of the judiciary Power in the Roman Government.
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CHAP. XIX.: Of the Government of the Roman Provinces.
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CHAP. XX.: The End of this Book.
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BOOK XII.: OF THE LAWS THAT FORM POLITICAL LIBERTY, AS RELATIVE TO THE SUBJECT.
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CHAP. II.: Of the Liberty of the Subject.
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CHAP. III.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. IV.: That Liberty is favoured by the Nature and Proportion of Punishments.
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CHAP. V.: Of certain Accusations that require particular Moderation and Prudence.
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CHAP. VI.: Of the Crime against Nature.
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CHAP. VII.: Of the Crime of High-Treason.
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CHAP. VIII.: Of the bad Application of the Name of Sacrilege and High-Treason.
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CHAP. IX.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. X.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. XI.: Of Thoughts.
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CHAP. XII.: Of indiscreet Speeches.
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CHAP. XIII.: Of Writings.
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CHAP. XIV.: Breach of Modesty in punishing Crimes.
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CHAP. XV.: Of the Infranchisement of Slaves, in Order to accuse their Master.
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CHAP. XVI.: Of Calumny, with Regard to the Crime of High-Treason.
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CHAP. XVII.: Of the Revealing of Conspiracies.
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CHAP. XVIII.: How dangerous it is, in Republics, to be too severe in punishing the Crime of High-Treason.
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CHAP. XIX.: In what Manner the Use of Liberty is suspended in a Republic.
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CHAP. XX.: Of Laws favourable to the Liberty of the Subject in a Republic.
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CHAP. XXI.: Of the Cruelty of Laws, in Respect to Debtors, in a Republic.
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CHAP. XXII.: Of Things that strike at Liberty in Monarchies.
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CHAP. XXIII.: Of Spies in Monarchies.
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CHAP. XXIV.: Of anonymous Letters.
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CHAP. XXV.: Of the Manner of governing in Monarchies.
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CHAP. XXVI.: That, in a Monarchy, the Prince ought to be of easy Access.
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CHAP. XXVII.: Of the Manners of a Monarch.
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CHAP. XXVIII.: Of the Regard which Monarchs owe to their Subjects.
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CHAP. XXIX.: Of the civil Laws proper for mixing some Portion of Liberty in a despotic Government.
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CHAP. XXX.: The same Subject continued.
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BOOK XIII.: OF THE RELATION WHICH THE LEVYING OF TAXES AND THE GREATNESS OF THE PUBLIC REVENUES HAVE TO LIBERTY.
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CHAP. II.: That it is bad Reasoning to say that the Greatness of Taxes is good in its own Nature.
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CHAP. III.: Of Taxes in Countries where Part of the People are Villains or Bondmen.
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CHAP. IV.: Of a Republic in the like Case.
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CHAP. V.: Of a Monarchy in the like Case.
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CHAP. VI.: Of a despotic Government in the like Case.
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CHAP. VII.: Of Taxes in Countries where Villainage is not established.
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CHAP. VIII.: In what Manner the Deception is preserved.
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CHAP. IX.: Of a bad kind of Impost.
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CHAP. X.: That the Greatness of Taxes depends on the Nature of the Government.
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CHAP. XI.: Of Confiscations.
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CHAP. XII.: Relation between the Weight of Taxes and Liberty.
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CHAP. XIII.: In what Government Taxes are capable of Increase.
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CHAP. XIV.: That the Nature of the Taxes is relative to the Government.
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CHAP. XV.: Abuse of Liberty.
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CHAP. XVI.: Of the Conquests of the Mahometans.
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CHAP. XVII.: Of the Augmentation of Troops.
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CHAP. XVIII.: Of an Exemption from Taxes.
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CHAP. XIX.: Which is most suitable to the Prince and to the People, the farming the revenues, or managing them by commission?
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CHAP. XX.: Of the Farmers of the Revenues.
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BOOK XIV.: OF LAWS AS RELATIVE TO THE NATURE OF THE CLIMATE.
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CHAP. II.: Of the Difference of Men in different Climates.
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CHAP. III.: Contradiction in the Tempers of some Southern Nations.
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CHAP. IV.: Cause of the Immutability of Religion, Manners, Customs, and Laws, in the Eastern Countries.
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CHAP. V.: That those are bad legislators who favour the Vices of the Climate, and good Legislators who oppose those Vices.
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CHAP. VI.: Of Agriculture in warm Climates.
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CHAP. VII.: Of Monkery.
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CHAP. VIII.: An excellent Custom of China.
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CHAP. IX.: Means of encouraging Industry.
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CHAP. X.: Of the Laws relative to the Sobriety of the People.
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CHAP. XI.: Of the Laws relative to the Distempers of the Climate.
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CHAP. XII.: Of the Laws against Suicides.
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CHAP. XIII.: Effects arising from the Climate of England.
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CHAP. XIV.: Other Effects of the Climate.
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CHAP. XV.: Of the different Confidence which the Laws have in the People, according to the Difference of Climates.
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BOOK XV.: IN WHAT MANNER THE LAWS OF CIVIL SLAVERY ARE RELATIVE TO THE NATURE OF THE CLIMATE.
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CHAP. II.: Origin of the Right of Slavery among the Roman Civilians.
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CHAP. III.: Another Origin of the Right of Slavery.
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CHAP. IV.: Another Origin of the Right of Slavery.
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CHAP. V.: Of the Slavery of the Negroes.
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CHAP. VI.: The true Origin of the Right of Slavery.
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CHAP. VII.: Another Origin of the Right of Slavery.
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CHAP. VIII.: Inutility of Slavery among us.
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CHAP. IX.: Several Kinds of Slavery.
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CHAP. X.: Regulations necessary in Respect to Slavery.
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CHAP. XI.: Abuses of Slavery.
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CHAP. XII.: Danger from the Multitude of Slaves.
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CHAP. XIII.: Of armed Slaves.
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CHAP. XIV.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. XV.: Precautions to be used in moderate Governments.
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CHAP. XVI.: Regulations between Masters and Slaves.
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CHAP. XVII.: Of Infranchisements.
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CHAP. XVIII.: Of Freed-men and Eunuchs.
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BOOK XVI.: HOW THE LAWS OF DOMESTIC SLAVERY HAVE A RELATION TO THE NATURE OF THE CLIMATE.
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CHAP. II.: That, in the Countries of the South, there is a natural Inequality between the two Sexes.
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CHAP. III.: That a Plurality of Wives greatly depends on the Means of supporting them.
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CHAP. IV.: That the Law of Polygamy is an Affair that depends on Calculation.
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CHAP. V.: The Reason of a Law of Malabar.
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CHAP. VI.: Of Polygamy considered in itself.
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CHAP. VII.: Of an Equality of Treatment in Case of many Wives.
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CHAP. VIII.: Of the Separation of Women from Men.
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CHAP. IX.: Of the Connexion between domestic and political Government.
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CHAP. X.: The Principle on which the Morals of the East are founded.
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CHAP. XI.: Of domestic Slavery independently of Polygamy.
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CHAP. XII.: Of natural Modesty.
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CHAP. XIII.: Of Jealousy.
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CHAP. XIV.: Of the Eastern Manner of domestic Government.
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CHAP. XV.: Of Divorce and Repudiation.
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CHAP. XVI.: Of Repudiation and Divorce amongst the Romans.
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BOOK XVII.: HOW THE LAWS OF POLITICAL SERVITUDE HAVE A RELATION TO THE NATURE OF THE CLIMATE.
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CHAP. II.: The Difference between Nations in Point of Courage.
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CHAP. III.: Of the Climate of Asia.
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CHAP. IV.: The Consequences resulting from this.
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CHAP. V.: That, when the People in the North of Asia and those of the North of Europe made Conquests, the Effects of the Conquest were not the same.
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CHAP. VI.: A new physical Cause of the Slavery of Asia and of the Liberty of Europe.
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CHAP. VII.: Of Africa and America.
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CHAP. VIII.: Of the Capital of the Empire.
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BOOK XVIII.: OF LAWS IN THE RELATION THEY BEAR TO THE NATURE OF THE SOIL.
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CHAP. II.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. III.: What Countries are best cultivated.
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CHAP. IV.: New Effects of the Barrenness and Fertility of Countries.
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CHAP. V.: Of the Inhabitants of Islands.
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CHAP. VI.: Of Countries raised by the Industry of Man.
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CHAP. VII.: Of human Industry.
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CHAP. VIII.: The general Relation of Laws.
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CHAP. IX.: Of the Soil of America.
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CHAP. X.: Of Population, in the Relation it bears to the Manner of procuring Subsistence.
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CHAP. XI.: Of savage and barbarous Nations.
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CHAP. XII.: Of the Law of Nations among People who do not cultivate the Earth.
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CHAP. XIII.: Of the civil Law of those Nations who do not cultivate the Earth.
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CHAP. XIV.: Of the political State of the People who do not cultivate the Land.
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CHAP. XV.: Of People who know the Use of Money.
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CHAP. XVI.: Of civil Laws among People who know not the Use of Money.
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CHAP. XVII.: Of political Laws amongst Nations who have not the Use of Money.
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CHAP. XVIII.: Of the Power of Superstition.
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CHAP. XIX.: Of the Liberty of the Arabs and the Servitude of the Tartars.
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CHAP. XX.: Of the Law of Nations as practised by the Tartars.
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CHAP. XXI.: The civil Law of the Tartars.
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CHAP. XXII.: Of a civil Law of the German Nations.
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CHAP. XXIII.: Of the regal Ornaments among the Franks.
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CHAP. XXIV.: Of the Marriages of the Kings of the Franks.
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CHAP. XXV.: Childeric.
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CHAP. XXVI.: Of the Time when the Kings of the Franks became of Age.
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CHAP. XXVII.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. XXVIII.: Of Adoption among the Germans.
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CHAP. XXIX.: Of the sanguinary Temper of the Kings of the Franks.
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CHAP. XXX.: Of the national Assemblies of the Franks.
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CHAP. XXXI.: Of the Authority of the Clergy under the first Race.
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BOOK XIX.: OF LAWS, IN RELATION TO THE PRINCIPLES WHICH FORM THE GENERAL SPIRIT, THE MORALS, AND CUSTOMS, OF A NATION.
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CHAP. II.: That it is necessary People’s Minds should be prepared for the Reception of the best Laws.
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CHAP. III.: Of Tyranny.
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CHAP. IV.: Of the general Spirit of Mankind.
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CHAP. V.: How far we should be attentive lest the general Spirit of a Nation be changed.
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CHAP. VI.: That every Thing ought not to be corrected.
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CHAP. VII.: Of the Athenians and Lacedæmonians.
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CHAP. VIII.: Effects of a sociable Temper.
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CHAP. IX.: Of the Vanity and Pride of Nations.
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CHAP. X.: Of the Character of the Spaniards and Chinese.
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CHAP. XI.: A Reflection.
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CHAP. XII.: Of Custom and Manners in a despotic State.
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CHAP. XIII.: Of the Behaviour of the Chinese.
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CHAP. XIV.: What are the natural Means of changing the Manners and Customs of a Nation.
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CHAP. XV.: The Influence of domestic Government on the political.
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CHAP. XVI.: How some Legislators have confounded the Principles which govern Mankind.
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CHAP. XVII.: Of the peculiar Quality of the Chinese Government.
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CHAP. XVIII.: A Consequence drawn from the preceding Chapter.
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CHAP. XIX.: How this Union of Religion, Laws, Manners, and Customs, among the Chinese, was effected.
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CHAP. XX.: Explication of a Paradox relating to the Chinese.
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CHAP. XXI.: How the Laws ought to have a Relation to Manners and Customs.
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CHAP. XXII.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. XXIII.: How the Laws are founded on the Manners of a People.
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CHAP. XXIV.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. XXV.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. XXVI.: The same Subject continued.
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CHAP. XXVII.: How the Laws contribute to form the Manners, Customs, and Character, of a Nation.